Treatment topical with silver nanoparticles and Stryphnodendron Adstringens (Mart. ) Coville in cervical lesions: randomized clinical trial / Tratamento tópico com nanopartículas de prata e Stryphnodendron Adstringens (Mart. ) Coville em lesões cervicais: ensaio clínico randomizado / Tratamiento tópico con nanopartículas de plata y Stryphnodendron Adstringens (Mart. ) Coville en lesiones cervicales: ensayo clínico aleatorizado

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the feasibility of incorporating technology as a new alternative for treating topics on cervical lesions. Method: This is a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial with a prospective design. During the realization of this study, 43 women were included and divided between groups A (ointment without silver nanoparticles n = 23) and B (ointment with silver nanoparticles n = 20) clinically healthy and who used the unified health system. Results: There were no significant differences when comparing before and after the use of ointment for IVA test (p = 0.15), Schiller test (p = 0.15), cellular changes (p = 0.47) and microbiological analysis (p = 0.89) through cytology. After use, no adverse reaction was observed in the sample studied. Conclusion: Based on the results identified in this study, identified that the product is safe and does not promote adverse events. Regarding the effectiveness of the product in uterine cervical lesions, it is necessary to continue the study in phase II. Registro de Ensaios Clínicos Brasileiros: UTN: U1111-1218-2820.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a viabilidade da incorporação da tecnologia como uma nova alternativa para o tratamento de lesões cervicais. Método: Trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado, duplo-cego e controlado com um desenho prospectivo. Durante a realização deste estudo, foram incluídas 43 mulheres, divididas entre os grupos A (pomada sem nanopartículas de prata n = 23) e B (pomada com nanopartículas de prata n = 20), clinicamente saudáveis e usuárias do sistema único de saúde. Resultados: Não houve diferenças significativas na comparação entre antes e depois do uso da pomada para o teste IVA (p = 0,15), teste de Schiller (p = 0,15), alterações celulares (p = 0,47) e análise microbiológica (p = 0,89) por meio de citologia. Após o uso, não foi observada nenhuma reação adversa na amostra estudada. Conclusões: Com base nos resultados identificados neste estudo, identificou-se que o produto é seguro e não promove eventos adversos. Com relação à eficácia do produto em lesões cervicais uterinas, é necessária a continuidade do estudo na fase II. Registro de Ensaios Clínicos Brasileiros: UTN: U1111-1218-2820.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la viabilidad de la incorporación de la tecnología como una nueva alternativa para el tratamiento de temas sobre lesiones cervicales. Método: Se trata de un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, doble ciego, controlado y con un diseño prospectivo. Durante la realización de este estudio se incluyeron 43 mujeres divididas entre los grupos A (pomada sin nanopartículas de plata n = 23) y B (pomada con nanopartículas de plata n = 20) clínicamente sanas y usuarias del sistema unificado de salud. Resultados: No hubo diferencias significativas al comparar antes y después del uso de la pomada para la prueba de IVA (p = 0,15), la prueba de Schiller (p = 0,15), los cambios celulares (p = 0,47) y el análisis microbiológico (p = 0,89) mediante citología. Tras el uso, no se observó ninguna reacción adversa en la muestra estudiada. Conclusiones: Con base en los resultados identificados en este estudio, se identificó que el producto es seguro y no promueve eventos adversos. Con relación a la eficacia del producto en lesiones cervicales uterinas, es necesario continuar el estudio en fase II. Registro de Estudios Clínicos Brasileños: UTN: U1111-1218-2820.

Risk Profile of High-grade Cervical Lesions and Cervical Cancer Considering the Combination of Cytology, HPV Genotype, and Age among Women Undergoing Colposcopy / Perfil de risco de lesões cervicais de alto grau e câncer cervical considerando a combinação de citologia, genótipo do HPV e idade entre mulheres submetidas a colposcopia

Abstract Objective The present study aims to establish a risk profile for high-grade cervical lesions and cervical cancer (CIN2 + ) in women undergoing colposcopy at the Hospital do Câncer de Barretos, through the analysis of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection, cervical cytology, and patient's age. Methods Retrospective cross-sectional study based on a computerized database of women aged ≥ 18 years old who underwent colposcopy at the Prevention Department of the Hospital do Câncer de Barretos from 2017 to 2019. Results A total of 3,411 women were included, 58.0% were positive for high-risk-HPV test, with a higher prevalence of CIN2+ for HPV16 (30.3%) and other HPV (45.0%). Cytological findings that suggest invasive cervical cancer (squamous cells or adenocarcinoma), regardless of the status of HPV test, showed 100% diagnosis of CIN2 + , while atypias that suggest high-grade lesions, HSIL and ASC-H, positive for HPV test, showed in 86 and 55.2%, respectively, diagnosis of CIN2 + . ASC-H cytological results among women aged > 40 years old and negative HPV were mainly associated with benign findings. We observed that ≤ CIN1 has a higher prevalence among older women with negative HPV, while for high-grade lesions there is an increase among young women HPV16- and/or 18-positive. In cancer diagnosis, we observed a predominance of HPV 16/18 regardless of the age group. Conclusion The highest risks of precursor lesions and cervical cancer were found among women with positive HPV 16/18 tests and severe cytological atypia in population screening tests. In addition, cytological findings of ASC-H HPV negative in women > 40 years old usually represent benign findings in histological investigation.

Resumo Objetivo Estabelecer um perfil de risco de lesões intraepiteliais de alto grau e câncer do colo do útero (NIC2 + ) em mulheres submetidas a colposcopia considerando-se a infecção pelo papilomavírus humano (HPV), citologia cervical e idade. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo transversal em banco de dados informatizado de mulheres com idade ≥ 18 anos que realizaram colposcopia no departamento de Prevenção de Câncer no Hospital do Câncer de Barretos/SP no período de 2017 a 2019. Resultados Foram incluídas 3.411 mulheres, sendo 58,0% positivas para HPV de alto risco, e maior prevalência de NIC2+ para HPV16 (30,3%) e outros HPV (45,0%). Resultados citológicos sugestivos de lesões invasivas (epidermoide ou adenocarcinoma), independente do teste de HPV, apresentaram 100% de diagnóstico NIC2 + , enquanto atipias sugestivas de lesões de alto grau, HSIL e ASC-H, associados a HPV positivo, apresentaram 86 e 55,2%, respectivamente. Resultados citológicos de ASC-H entre mulheres > 40 anos e HPV negativo foram associados principalmente a achados benignos. Observamos que ≤ NIC1 apresenta uma maior prevalência entre mulheres mais velhas com HPV negativo, enquanto para lesões de alto grau, há um aumento entre mulheres mais jovens positivas para HPV16/18. Para diagnóstico de câncer, observamos que há um predomínio de HPV16/18 independente da faixa etária. Conclusão Foi identificado maior risco de lesões precursoras e câncer entre mulheres com HPV 16/18 positivo e atipias citológicas graves em testes de rastreio populacional. Além disso, resultados citológicos de ASC-H quando associados a HPV negativo com idade > 40 anos habitualmente representam achados benignos em investigação histológica.

Expressions of peripheral blood lymphocytes in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix and early cervical cancer and their significances / 肿瘤研究与临床

Objective:To investigate the expression levels of peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) of the cervix and early cervical cancer, and to analyze their correlation with the clinicopathological characteristics of cervical cancer.Methods:The clinical data of 65 patients with HSIL and 78 patients with early cervical cancer (2018 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage ≤ stage Ⅱ A) treated in Shanxi Province Cancer Hospital from October 2020 to November 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, and 31 healthy people undergoing physical examination during the same period were treated as the healthy control group. The expressions of CD3 + T cells, CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, NK cells, NK/T cells and other immune cells in fasting peripheral blood of the patients were detected by using flow cytometry. Results:The expression levels of CD3 + T cells, CD4 + T cells, CD4 +/CD8 + and NK cells were 71±8, 39±7, 1.5±0.5, 16±7, respectively in HSIL group, and 73±9, 41±9, 1.5±0.6, 16±9, respectively in early cervical cancer group, which were lower than those in the healthy control group (76±9, 45±10, 2.0±1.3, 20±7) (all P < 0.05). The expression levels of CD8 + T cells was 28±7, 29±8, respectively in HSIL group and early cervical cancer group, which were higher than those in the healthy control group (24±7) (all P < 0.05). The expression level of total B cells in early cervical cancer group was lower than that in healthy control group (10±4 vs.12±3, P < 0.05). The expression level of CD3 + T cells in peripheral blood of early cervical cancer patients with tumor diameter >4 cm and nerve/vascular invasion was 71±10 and 72±8, which was lower than that of patients with tumor diameter 2-4 cm, ≤2 cm and without nerve/vascular invasion (72±8, 75±8, 78±7); the expression level of CD8 + T cell was 32±8 and 35±4, which was higher than that of patients with tumor diameter 2-4 cm, ≤2 cm, and without nerve/vascular invasion (28±8, 28±7, 29±8) (all P < 0.05). The levels of CD3 + T cells and total B cells were negatively correlated with the tumor diameter (all P < 0.05), while the level of CD8 + T cells was positively correlated with tumor diameter ( P < 0.05); the levels of CD3 + T cells and NK cells were negatively correlated with nerve/vascular invasion (all P < 0.05). Conclusions:The immune function of the body starts to change in the early progression of cervical cancer, and is related to the tumor diameter and nerve/vascular invasion of cervical cancer.

T helper cell and regulatory T-cell related cytokines changes in vaginal lavage fluid of patients with high risk-human papilloma virus 16 positive and the predictive effect on the development of cervical neoplasms / 肿瘤研究与临床

Objective:To investigate the changes of T helper cell (Th), regulatory T-cell (Treg cell) related cytokines in vaginal lavage fluid of patients with high risk-human papilloma virus 16 (HR-HPV16) positive and its predictive effect on the development of cervical neoplasms.Methods:A total of 200 cases of HR-HPV16 positive patients who admitted to Xingtai People's Hospital from January 2022 to December 2022 were selected as the experimental group. According to the results of pathological examination, all patients in the experimental group were divided into non pathological group (78 cases), low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) group (49 cases), high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) group (39 cases) and cervical cancer group (34 cases); and 100 healthy people undergoing the physical examination in the same period were taken as the healthy control group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) double-antibody sandwich method was used to detect the levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interferon γ (IFN-γ) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in vaginal lavage fluid of patients in different groups. Multivariate logistics regression was used to analyze the risk factors of cervical cancer, and a nomogram model was established. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve was drawn with pathological results as the gold standard, and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to evaluate the predictive ability of the nomogram model.Results:The levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α, TGF-β in vaginal lavage fluid of patients in the experimental group were higher than those in the healthy control group, while the levels of IL-2, IL-12 and IFN-γ in the experimental group were lower than those in the healthy control group, and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05); the difference in IL-4 level of both groups was not statistically significant ( P > 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-2, IL-12 and IFN-γ among non pathological group, LSIL group, HSIL group and cervical cancer group (all P < 0.05); the levels of IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α, TGF-β in cervical cancer group were the highest, the levels of IL-2, IL-12 and IFN-γ were the lowest; the level of IL-4 in non pathological group, LSIL group, HSIL group and cervical cancer group had no statistically significant difference ( P > 0.05). Logistics regression analysis showed that low IL-2, high IL-4, high IL-6, high IL-10, low IL-12, high IL-17, high TNF-α, low IFN- γ and low TGF-β expressions in vaginal lavage fluid of patients with HR-HPV16 positive were independent risk factors for the development of cervical cancer (all P < 0.05). The results of nomogram analysis showed that IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α, TGF-β in vaginal lavage fluid were the factors predicting the development of cervical cancer in HR-HPV16 positive patients. The ROC curve analysis showed that the AUC of nomogram model in predicting the development of cervical cancer in HR-HPV16 positive patients was 0.945 (95% CI 0.901-0.988), and the predictive efficacy was good. Conclusions:Th and Treg cell related cytokines levels in vaginal lavage fluid of patients with HR-HPV16 positive show pathological changes in cervical cancer patients and the above indicators have a high value in predicting the development of cervical cancer.

Comportamiento de las alteraciones citológicas en mujeres atendidas en una IPS de la ciudad de Medellín / Behavior of cytological alterations in women treated at an IPS in the city of Medellín

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar las características relacionadas con el diagnóstico de cáncer de las pacientes que consultan una IPS de la ciudad de Medellín. Metodología: Estudio observacional analítico. La población fueron todas las mujeres atendidas en la IPS Unidad Video Diagnóstica de la Mujer, institución que se dedica a realizar confirmación diagnóstica de mujeres con citologías alteradas. Se analizaron todos los registros de la base de datos de la institución correspondientes a las mujeres que consultaron durante el período 2012- 2017, un total de 55655 mujeres. Resultados: Se analizaron los registros de 55655 usuarias, la mediana de edad fue de 40 años (RIQ 19) y el 66.1% (36812) pertenecen al régimen subsidiado. La principal indicación para la realización de la colposcopia fueron las alteraciones citológicas con un 89.8% (49984) y más frecuente fue el LIEBG 35.3% (19649). El principal cáncer diagnosticado fue el escamocelular con 0.5% (284) y los factores asociados fueron residir en el Valle de Aburrá (OR 0.60 IC 0.42-0.84) y el resultado de citología LIEAG (OR 3.31 IC 2.22-4.94). Conclusiones: Se encontró una prevalencia de cáncer de cérvix de 7.8 por cada 1000 pacientes que consultan en la IPS.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the characteristics related to the diagnosis of cancer of the patients who consult an IPS in the city of Medellín. Methodology: Analytical observational study. The population consisted of all the women treated at the IPS Unidad Video Diagnóstica de la Mujer, an institution dedicated to performing diagnostic confirmation of women with altered cytologies. All the records of the institution's database corresponding to the women who consulted during the period 2012-2017 were analyzed, a total of 55,655 women. Results: The records of 55,655 users were analyzed, the median age was 40 years (RIQ 19) and 66.1% (36,812) belonged to the subsidized regime. The main indication for performing colposcopy was cytological alterations with 89.8% (49984) and the most frequent was LIEBG 35.3% (19649). The main cancer diagnosed was squamous cells with 0.5% (284) and the associated factors were residing in the Valle de Aburrá (OR 0.60 IC 0.42-0.84) and the LIEAG cytology result (OR 3.31 IC 2.22-4.94). Conclusions: A cervical cancer prevalence of 7.8 was found for every 1000 patients who consulted the IPS.

Alterações em exames citopatológicos realizados em Unidade Básica de Saúde: um estudo analítico transversal / Alterations in cytopathological tests performed in a Basic Health Unit: a cross-cutting analytical study

Objetivo: Com o presente estudo, buscou-se verificar a quantidade de exames de colpocitologia oncótica coletados em Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS) escolhida, determinar quantas e quais são as alterações encontradas nesses exames e quais foram as condutas e acompanhamentos realizados em pacientes com exames alterados. Métodos: Foram analisados 446 exames de colpocitologia oncótica realizados em uma UBS do centro-oeste do Paraná. As pacientes com exame alterado foram selecionadas e foi feita uma análise desses prontuários a fim de verificar a conduta e o acompanhamento dessas pacientes. Resultados: Foram encontrados 32 exames com alterações, sendo três de uma mesma paciente. Dessas 30 pacientes, a grande maioria correspondia a células escamosas atípicas de significado indeterminado (ASC-US), possivelmente não neoplásicas, e 28 pacientes retornaram para receber uma conduta inicial, sendo principalmente o encaminhamento para a coleta de novo preventivo em seis meses ao serviço de oncologia clínica. Conclusão: O presente estudo concluiu que a hipótese principal foi verdadeira, a qual foi descrita como prevalência significativa de lesões intraepiteliais de alto grau, embora não seja a mais frequente, e descontinuidade por parte das pacientes que obtiveram esse resultado. Além disso, notou-se grande encaminhamento à atenção terciária, o que não é indicado pelo Ministério da Saúde.(AU)

Objective: With the present study, we sought to verify the amount of cytopathological tests collected in the chosen basic health unit, to determine how many and what are the alterations found in these tests and what were the conducts and follow-ups performed in patients with altered exams. Methods: We analyzed 446 preventive tests performed in a basic health unit in the Midwest of Paraná, and patients with altered examination were selected and an analysis of these medical records was made in order to verify the conduct and follow-up of the patients. Results: Thirty-two tests with alterations were performed, 3 of which were the same patient. Of these 30 patients, the vast majority corresponded to atypical cells of squamous meaning ­ possibly non-neoplastic (ASC-US), and 28 patients returned to receive an initial approach, mainly being referred to the collection of preventive new in 6 months and to the clinical oncology service. Conclusion: The present study concluded that the main hypothesis was true, which was described as a significant prevalence of high-grade intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), although not the most frequent, and discontinuity on the part of the patients who obtained this result. In addition, there was a large referral to tertiary care, which is not indicated by the Ministry of Health.(AU)

Estudio Descriptivo: Colposcopia en el diagnóstico de lesiones de cuello uterino en el Hospital de Especialidades José Carrasco Arteaga, Cuenca ­ Ecuador. 2015-2019 / Descriptive Study: Colposcopy as a diagnostic method for cervix lesions in Hospital de Especialidades Jose Carrasco Arteaga, Cuenca-Ecuador. 2015-2019

INTRODUCCIÓN: El cáncer de cuello uterino es un problema de salud pública, siendo una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en países en vía de desarrollo. Para el screening y diagnóstico de las lesiones del cuello uterino se realiza citología cervical (Papanicolaou). Ante un reporte de citología sospechosa, la colposcopia es un procedimiento imprescindible en la evaluación del tracto genital inferior para detectar lesiones tempranas y cáncer. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue caracterizar los procedimientos colposcópicos realizados, como método diagnóstico y terapéutico, en las pacientes con resultados anormales del Papanicolaou. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: El presente es un estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal, cuyo universo lo conformaron todas las pacientes con diagnóstico citológico anormal en Papanicolaou, que se realizaron un procedimiento colposcópico entre el año 2015 hasta el año 2019 en el Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga, con un total de 1 628 pacientes. RESULTADOS: Se incluyen 1 628 procedimientos colposcópicos. El 55.46% de la población estuvieron entre los 27 a 46 años de edad. El estado civil predominante fue casada (75%). El 63.45% de las mujeres iniciaron vida sexual entre los 21 a 30 años. El 95.20% de las pacientes tuvieron entre 1 y 3 parejas sexuales. Los resultados de Papanicolaou anormales representan; el 37.28% a LIE-BG, seguido de 35.81% con ASC-US y 14.18% como LIE-AG. El 67.32% de colposcopías fueron satisfactorias. Se realizó biopsia en el 71% de las pacientes, seguido de la toma de muestra de cono con ASA-LEEP (13.69%), legrado endocervical en el 11.05%. Los resultados de anatomía patológica reportaron LIE-AG en 46.56% de los casos, seguido de 22.23 % como LIE-BG y cervicitis crónica en el 16.27%, 12.28% de los resultados fueron negativos. CONCLUSIÓN: Tres cuartas partes de las colposcopias se realizaron en mujeres entre los 27 y 56 años de edad. Los resultados anormales más frecuentemente encontrados en el Papanicolaou fueron: LIE-BG, seguido de ASC-US. 67% de las colposcopias realizadas fueron satisfactorias. Tras la colposcopia, en la mayoría de pacientes se realizó biopsia, en un menor porcentaje y en orden de frecuencia: conización electro quirúrgica con asa (ASA-LEEP), legrado endocervical e histerectomía diagnóstica. Los resultados de anatomía patológica reportaron LIE-AG en el 46.56%, LIE-BG en el 22.23 % como y cervicitis crónica en el 16.27%; 12.28% de estudios fueron negativos.(au)

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is a public health issue, being one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Cervical cytology (Papanicolaou) is performed for screening and diagnosis of cervical lesions. In case of a suspicious cytology report, colposcopy is an essential procedure for evaluation of the lower genital tract, to detect early lesions and cancer. The aim of this study was to characterize the colposcopy procedures performed, as a diagnostic and therapeutic method, in patients with abnormal Papanicolaou results. METHODS: This is an observational, descriptive cross-sectional study, whose universe were all the patients with abnormal cytological diagnosis in pap smear, who underwent a colposcopy procedure between 2015 and 2019 at Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga, with a total of 1 628 patients. RESULTS: 1 628 colposcopic procedures were included. 55.46% of the population were between 27 to 46 years of age. The predominant marital status was married status (75%). 63.45% of women had their first sexual experience between 21 and 30 years of age. 95.20% of the patients had between 1 and 3 sexual partners. Abnormal pap smear results represent; 37.28% to LSIL, followed by ASC-US (35.81%), and HSIL (14.18%). 67.32% of colposcopies were classified as satisfactory. Biopsy was performed in 71% of the patients, followed by loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) (13.69%), endocervical curettage in 11.05%. The pathology results reported HSIL in 46.56% of the cases, followed by 22.23% as LSIL and chronic cervicitis in 16.27%, 12.28% of the results were negative. CONCLUSION: Three-quarters of all colposcopies were performed on women between 27 and 56 years of age. The most frequently abnormal Pap smear results were: LSIL, followed ASC-US. 67% of the colposcopies were satisfactory. After colposcopy, biopsy was performed in most of the patients, in lower percentage: loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), endocervical curettage and diagnostic hysterectomy. Pathology results reported HSIL in 46.56%, LSIL IN 22.23% and chronic cervicitis in 16.27%; 12.28% of studies were negative.(au)

Impacto da estrogenização vaginal no seguimento de citologia oncótica de significado indeterminado na pós-menopausa / Impact of vaginal estrogenization in follow-up of oncotic cytology of undetermined significance in postmenopausal women

Avaliar a estrogenização tópica vaginal no seguimento de citologia oncótica de significado indeterminado, tipo ASC-H, na pós-menopausa. Estudo, tipo caso-controle, que avaliou mulheres menopausadas com diagnóstico de ASC-H, divididas em dois grupos, com e sem uso de estrogênio tópico vaginal (GE e GNE). Foi calculada razão de chance a partir de tabelas de contingência construídas com variação robusta. Foram analisados 128 prontuários, sendo 27% de pacientes do GNE e 72% do GE. Houve aumento de diagnósticos ASC-H no GNE. No GE, aproximadamente 68 vezes menos colposcopias inadequadas e diminuição do número de colposcopias e Cirurgia de Alta Frequência (CAF), com evidência na redução em 21 e 12,5 vezes, respectivamente. Diminuição do número de colposcopias com melhor adequação ao exame, número de biópsias inalterado e diminuição do número de cirurgias de alta frequência, no grupo com uso de estrogênio tópico vaginal durante o seguimento.

Current paper evaluates topic vaginal estrogenization following oncotic cytology of undetermined significance, type ASC-H, in postmenopausal women. A case-control study evaluated menopausal women diagnosed with ASC-H, divided into two groups, with and without the use of topic vaginal estrogen (GE and GNE). Odds ratios were calculated from contingency tables built with robust variation. 128 medical records were analyzed, 27% of which were from the GNE and 72% from the GE. There was an increase in ASC-H diagnoses in GNE. In GE, approximately 68 times less inappropriate colposcopies and a decrease in the number of colposcopies and High Frequency Surgery (HFS), with a reduction of 21 and 12.5 times, respectively. Decrease in the number of colposcopies with better adaptation to the exam, unchanged number of biopsies and decrease in the number of high-frequency surgeries, in the group using topic vaginal estrogen during the follow-up.

Características citológicas previas al diagnóstico de cáncer de cérvix en mujeres de Medellín (Colombia) / Cytological characteristics prior to the diagnosis of cervical cancer in women from Medellin (Colombia)

Resumen Introducción: Actualmente, el cáncer de cérvix sigue siendo una enfermedad importante por su incidencia y mortalidad. Aunque se conoce su etiología generada por la infección del virus del Papiloma Humano (PVH) y sus métodos de tamizaje como la citología convencional y el test de ADN-PVH, aún es necesario reconocer diversas características que se relacionan con la aparición de este tipo de cáncer. Objetivo: Describir las características citológicas previas al diagnóstico de cáncer cervical en mujeres de una institución de salud de la ciudad de Medellín. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo. Se tomaron los registros clínicos correspondientes a mujeres con diagnóstico confirmado de cáncer de cérvix entre 2012 y 2017 y se revisaron los resultados de citología previos al diagnóstico. Se realizó análisis univariado para describir las variables de estudio. Resultados: La muestra de mujeres con cáncer fue de 714, la mediana de edad fue 51 años (rango intercuartílico: 42-60), la alteración citológica más frecuente fue lesión intraepitelial de alto grado (33,8%), el principal cáncer diagnosticado fue carcinoma escamocelular (70,6%). Conclusiones: Los resultados de citología alteradas son un indicador para riesgo de cáncer de cérvix, de ahí la importancia de continuar con el protocolo de tamizaje establecido.

Abstract Introduction: Currently, cervical cancer continues to be an important disease because of its high incidence and mortality. Even though its etiology (Human Papilloma Virus infection) and screening methods (conventional cytology and HPV-DNA test) are well known, understanding the various characteristics associated with the appearance of cervical cancer is fundamental. Objective: To describe the cytological characteristics that precede the diagnosis of cervical cancer in women diagnosed in a health care institution from the city of Medellín. Materials and methods: A descriptive study. The clinical records corresponding to women with a confirmed diagnosis of cervical cancer between 2012 and 2017 were used. Also, the citology results obtained before the diagnosis were reviewed. An univariate analysis was carried out in oder to describe the study variables. Results: The sample size of women with cervical cancer was 714, the age median was 51 years old (interquartile range: 42-60), the most frequent cytological alteration was high-grade intraepithelial lesion (33.8%), and the main diagnosed cancer type was squamous cell carcinoma (70.6%). Conclusions: Results showing an altered cytology are indicators of cervical cancer risk. Therefore, it is important to continue with the stablished screening protocol.

Características sociodemográficas y clínicas de las mujeres con alteraciones citológicas tipo ascus

Introducción: La citología cervicouterina es la prueba de tamización utilizada para identificar cambios celulares de forma temprana Objetivo: Describir las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de las mujeres con alteraciones citológicas tipo Ascus. Métodos: Estudio observacional. Se analizaron reportes citológicos de Ascus durante el período 2012-2017. Se realizó análisis univariado para describir las variables de estudio. Resultados: La mediana de edad fue 42 años (RIQ 18), el 58,8 % pertenecía al régimen subsidiado de salud. El resultado de la colposcopia fue negativo con un 84,9 %. De las 21180 usuarias se les realizó biopsia al 38,7 % y se encontró resultado negativo al 80 %. La alteración histológica más frecuente en las mujeres entre 40 y 59 años fue el adenocarcinoma en un 66,7 %. Conclusión: Las alteraciones citológicas tipo Ascus siguen siendo frecuentes, por lo que es importante continuar con un adecuado cumplimiento de los programas para detección temprana de cáncer de cuello uterino, especialmente en mujeres a partir de los 40 años.

Introduction: Cervical cytology is the screening test used to identify early cellular changes. Objective: To describe the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of women with ASCUS-type cytological alterations. Method: Observational study. Cytological reports of AS-CUS were analyzed during the period 2012-2017. Univariate analysis was performed to describe the study variables. Results: The median age was 42 years (IQR 18), 58.8% belonged to the subsidized health regime. The colposcopy result was negative with 84.9%. Of the 21,180 users, a biopsy was performed in 38.7%, finding a negative result in 80%, the most frequent histological alteration in women between 40 and 59 years was adenocarcinoma in 66.7%. Conclusion: ASCUS-type cytological alterations are still frequent, so it is important to continue with adequate compliance with programs for early detection of cervical cancer, especially in women over 40 years old.

Implementación de la nueva guía práctica clínica para la detección y manejo de lesiones precancerosas de cuello uterino en mujeres de la ciudad de Cali, Colombia / Implementation of the new clinical practice guideline for the detection and management of precancerous lesions of the cervix in women from the city of Cali, Colombia

Objetivos del trabajo: Se determinaron los porcentajes de las lesiones precancerosas de cuello uterino en un grupo de mujeres diagnosticadas positivas por la prueba ADN-VPH. Materiales y métodos: El presente estudio es un análisis exploratorio descriptivo transversal de una base de datos con resultados de las pruebas de ADN-VPH (genotipo y tipo de infección), citología y colposcopia, realizadas en 58 mujeres de 30 años o más, para el periodo de octubre del 2018 a febrero del 2019. Resultados: De las 58 mujeres positivas para la prueba ADN-VPH, el 57% (n=33) fueron positivas para la prueba citológica cervical. De este grupo de mujeres fueron diagnosticadas negativas para LEI el 21% (n=7); para LEI-BG el 33% (n=11); y para LEI-AG el 45% (n=15) mediante la prueba de colposcopia. El VPH-16 mostró la mayor frecuencia relativa de detección en las LEI-AG con un 46,7% (n=7). Igualmente, los genotipos que cubre la vacuna Gardasil_4 fueron identificados en mayor porcentaje en las LEI-AG en comparación con los otros tipos histopatológicos diagnosticados, siendo esta asociación estadísticamente significativa, valor de p = 0,033. Conclusiones: La implementación de la nueva guía de práctica clínica para la detección y manejo de lesiones precancerosas de cuello uterino muestra resultados satisfactorios, siendo concordante la detección de ADN-VPH, con la identificación de anormalidades citológicas e histopatológicas, permitiendo la identificación precoz de mujeres en riesgo de desarrollar cáncer cervical.

Objectives of the study: To determine the percentages of precancerous lesions in the cervix in a group of women with positive diagnostic to the DNA-HPV test. Materials and methods: The present study is a cross-sectional exploratory analysis of a database with information on the results of DNA-HPV tests (genotype and type of infection), cytology and colposcopy, carried out on 58 women aged 30 or older, for the period from October 2018 to February 2019. Results: Of the 58 women positive for the DNA-HPV test, 57% (n=33) were positive for the cervical cytology test. Of this group of women, 21% (n=7) were diagnosed LEI-negative; for LEI-BG 33% (n=11); and for LEI-AG, 45% (n=15) using the colposcopy test. HPV-16 has a higher detection frequency in the LEI-AG with 46.7% (n=7). Likewise, the genotypes that cover the Gardasil_4 vaccine were members in a greater percentage in the LEI-AG in comparison with other diagnosed histopathological types, this association being statistically significant, value of p = 0.033. Conclusions: The implementation of the new clinical practice guideline for the detection and management of precancerous lesions of the cervix shows satisfactory results, the DNA-HPV detection being consistent, with the identification of cytological and histopathological abnormalities, allowing the early identification of women at risk to develop cervical cancer.

Factores de riesgo en las lesiones intraepiteliales del cuello uterino / Risk Factors in Intraepithelial Lesions of the Cervix

RESUMEN Fundamento: los factores de riesgo de las lesiones intraepiteliales se comportan similares a los del cáncer cervicouterino. Objetivo: identificar la influencia de distintos factores de riesgo relacionados con la aparición de lesiones intraepiteliales de cuello uterino. Método: se realizó un estudio observacional de casos y controles en el Policlínico Docente Gustavo Aldereguía de la provincia Granma en el período comprendido desde el 1ro de enero del 2016 hasta el 30 de junio del 2017. Se definieron como casos a las 105 pacientes con neoplasia intraepitelial cervical confirmadas histopatológicamente y como controles a las mujeres que se les realizó la prueba citológica, seleccionadas por muestreo simple aleatorio. A cada paciente se le realizó: interrogatorio, examen físico y medios de diagnóstico. Para el análisis de los factores de riesgo se utilizó una estrategia univariada y multivariada. Se delimitaron como variables explicativas aquellos factores considerados como hipotéticamente de riesgo y que serían sometidos a evaluación. Como variable respuesta se consideró la aparición de la neoplasia intraepitelial. Se obtuvieron estimaciones puntuales y por intervalo de confianza del 95 %. Resultados: la sepsis vaginal y menarquía precoz fueron significativas, no así el no uso del condón, infección por virus del papiloma humano, anticoncepción oral, edad, dispositivo intrauterino y tabaquismo como factores indiferentes. La erosión y sepsis vaginal fueron los más significativos por el modelo de regresión logística. Hubo interacciones entre cervicitis, múltiples parejas sexuales y tabaquismo; moderadamente significativo se comportaron la edad y la menarquía precoz; cervicitis y erosión, infección por el virus del papiloma humano y múltiples parejas sexuales. Conclusiones: se determinó que la sepsis vaginal y la erosión cervical presentaron una asociación estadísticamente significativa e importante con la probabilidad de aparición de las lesiones intraepiteliales propias del cuello uterino.

ABSTRACT Foundation: the risk factors of intraepithelial lesions behave similar to those of cervical cancer. Objective: to identify the influence of different risk factors related to the appearance of intraepithelial lesions of the cervix. Method: an observational case-control study was carried out in the Gustavo Aldereguía Teaching Polyclinic of the Granma province in the period from January 1, 2016 to June 30, 2017. The 105 patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia were defined as cases histopathologically confirmed and as controls to women who underwent the cytological test, selected by simple random sampling. Each patient was performed: interview, physical examination and diagnostic means. For the analysis of risk factors, a univariate and multivariate strategy was used. Explanatory variables were defined as factors considered as hypothetically risky which would be subject to evaluation. The appearance of intraepithelial neoplasia was considered as a response variable. Punctual and 95 % confidence interval estimates were obtained. Results: vaginal sepsis and early menarche were noticeable, however not the use of condoms, human papillomavirus infection, oral contraception, age, intrauterine device and smoking as indifferent factors. Erosion and vaginal sepsis were the most significant due to the logistic regression model. There were interactions between cervicitis, multiple sexual partners and smoking; moderately significant were age and early menarche; cervicitis and erosion, human papillomavirus infection and multiple sexual partners. Conclusions: it was determined that vaginal sepsis and cervical erosion presented a statistically significant and important association with the probability of the appearance of intraepithelial lesions of the cervix.

Diagnóstico y tratamiento de las lesiones intraepiteliales escamosas de alto grado del cuello uterino / Diagnosis and treatment of high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions of uterine cervix

INTRODUCCIÓN. El cáncer cérvico-uterino tiene una fase precursora de larga duración, pues debe pasar por varios estados previos al cáncer invasivo, denominados lesiones intraepiteliales, de bajo y de alto grado, que pueden transformarse en lesiones malignas. La importancia de un diagnóstico oportuno y certero de las lesiones intraepiteliales escamosas de alto grado radica en que, si son tratadas de manera oportuna, son ciento por ciento curables. OBJETIVO. Proporcionar información actualizada sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las lesiones precursoras de cáncer de cérvix y ayudar a los profesionales en la toma de decisiones médicas. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio de revisión de 45 artículos científicos la gran mayoría de la última década y, unos pocos, con datos históricos vigentes sobre lesiones intraepiteliales escamosas de alto grado del cuello uterino. La búsqueda se realizó en MedLine, PLoS y Scielo utilizando los términos tamizaje, neoplasias uterinas, lesiones intraepiteliales escamosas de cuello uterino y tratamiento. RESULTADOS. Los artículos científicos fueron seleccionados por niveles de evidencia 1 y 2, con recomendaciones A y B. Las recomendaciones de inicio de tamizaje han cambiado y el manejo toma en cuenta el riesgo acumulado por tipo de lesión. El tratamiento, en la mayoría de casos, es la escisión y resulta definitivo. CONCLUSIÓN. El diagnóstico sigue siendo cito-colpo-histológico y el tratamiento depende de la edad de la paciente, pudiendo las posibilidades ir de la observación hasta la escisión quirúrgica y, en casos específicos, la histerectomía.

INTRODUCTION. Cervical-uterine cancer has a long-term precursor phase, as it must go through several states prior to invasive cancer, called intraepithelial lesions, low and high grade, which can become malignant lesions. The importance of a timely and accurate diagnosis of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions is that, if treated in a timely manner, they are one hundred percent curable. OBJECTIVE. Provide updated information on the diagnosis and treatment of precursor lesions of cervical cancer and assist professionals in medical decision making. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Review study of 45 scientific articles the vast majority of the last decade and, a few, with current historical data on high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix. The search was conducted in MedLine, PLoS and Scielo using the terms screening, uterine neoplasms, squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix and treatment. RESULTS. The scientific articles were selected by levels of evidence 1 and 2, with recommendations A and B. The recommendations for starting screening have changed and management takes into account the accumulated risk by type of injury. The treatment, in most cases, is excision and is definitive. CONCLUSION. The diagnosis is still cyto-histological and the treatment depends on the age of the patient, and the possibilities may range from observation to surgical excision and, in specific cases, hysterectomy.

Analysis of recurrence and its influencing factors in patients with cervical HSIL within 24 months after LEEP / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To analyze clinical outcome of high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) within 24 months after loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP),and to explore risk factors of recurrent cervical HSIL,the risk of progress into cervical cancer and methods of follow-up.Methods This retrospective study was carried out on 1 005 patients who underwent LEEP,diagnosing with HSIL after LEEP from January 2011 to December 2013 at Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University to confer the difference between non-recurrent group and recurrent group 24 months after the LEEP conization.Patients were followed with ThinPrep cytologic test (TCT),high risk HPV (HR-HPV) test,colposcopy guided biopsy.Results A total of 1 005 cases were enrolled in this study with HSIL in the LEEP specimen,no residual HSIL in the 6-month follow up,and have follow up records in 24 months after LEEP.HSIL recurred in 5 cases,microinvasive carcinoma in 1 case,low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) in 17 cases at 12 months follow-up.HSIL recurred in 8 cases,LSIL in 11 cases,adenocarcinoma in situ in 1 case,and invasive cervical carcinoma in 1 case in Ⅰ b1 stage at 24 months after LEEP.The recurrence rate was 1.3％ (13/1 005),and the progression rate was 0.3％ (3/1 005).There was no significant difference in age,length,circumference and width of LEEP between recurrent and non-recurrent patients (P ＞ 0.05).The recurrence rate was highest in the endocervical positive margin group with 3/16,which was higher than ectocervical positive margin and negative margin (P＜0.01,P=0.040,respectively).The recurrence rate of endocervical positive margin group and fibrous interstitial positive margin group showed no significant difference (P=0.320).There was no significant difference between ectocervical positive margin and negative margin [2.8％ (2/72) vs 0.7％ (6/882),P=0.117].Postoperative cytological examination combined with HR-HPV detection has a high sensitive and high negative predictor value of HSIL recurrence with both 100.0％.Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that positive endocervical positive margin,abnormal follow-up cytological examination and positive HR-HPV after LEEP were independent factors affecting recurrence of HSIL patients after LEEP (P＜0.05).Conclusions Age,length,circumference and width of LEEP have no effect on recurrence within 24 months after HSIL.The high risk factors for HSIL recurrence within 24 months after LEEP in HSIL patients include:positive HPV,abnormal cytology,and positive endocervical positive margin.Colposcopy biopsy and endocervical curettage have important role in diagnosing HSIL recurrence and progression.

Relationship between various histological status of margins of LEEP and residual HSIL or worse at hysterectomy following conization / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To investigate the relationship between various loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) margin status and residual high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) or worse at hysterectomy following conization. Methods The relevant clinicopathological data were collected in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University from Jan. 2014 to Dec. 2015, including 947 cases who underwent hysterectomy within 6 months of LEEP. The residual HSIL or worse at hysterectomy were analyzed among the groups. (1) Clear margins, involved margins, and without 1 mm negative margins. (2) Only one positive margin, two positive margins and three positive margins. (3) A positive margin of internal ostium of cervix, of external ostium of cervix and of the basement. Results (1) The histological evaluation of the uterine specimens showed residual HSIL or worse in 234 cases (24.7％, 234/947). The proportion of residual lesions was 7.3％ (21/286) in population with clear margins, 33.2％ (211/635) with involved margins, 7.7％ (2/26) without 1 mm negative margins, respectively. The positive margins group had significant difference at the aspect of residual rate in contrast to the negative margins group and the without 1 mm negative margins group (P<0.01). Further studies conclusively showed that the proportion of residual lesions was very similar between the negative margins group and the without 1 mm negative margins group (P>0.05). (2) The involved margins were interpretable in 621 cases. This was detected in 25.3％(111/438) patients with only one positive margin, 47.4％(74/156) with two positive margins and 77.8％(21/27) among three positive margins, respectively (P<0.01). (3) Furthermore, there were 418 cases only one positive margin was definite, and the proportion of residual lesions was 31.0％(62/200) in population with a positive margin of internal ostium of cervix, 18.2％(31/170) of external ostium of cervix and 33.3％(16/48) of the basement. The residual rates were higher in the endocervical and basal margin groups than that in the ectocervical margin group, and the differences were significant (P<0.05). Conclusions The risk of residual HSIL or worse is significantly greater with involved margins at hysterectomy following LEEP. Both the positive endocervical and basal margin are excellent predictors of residual diseases, while the without 1 mm negative margin may be not. Clinicians should avoid treating it as positive margin and prevent overtreatment.

Discussion on the diagnosis and treatment of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in post-menopausal women / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To analyze the performance of colposcopy and investigate the diagnosis and treatment characteristics of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) diagnosed by cervical tissue sampling in post-menopausal women. Methods A retrospective study was performed on 1 449 patients with HSIL diagnosed by cervical tissue sampling under colposcopy and treated by loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) or extrafascial hysterectomy as the primary therapy at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, from November 2015 to October 2017. In order to investigate the diagnosis and treatment of HSIL in post-menopausal women, a case-control study was conducted to compare the difference in performance of colposcopy and treatment modality between 213 post-menopausal patients (14.7%, 213/1 449) and 1 236 pre-menopausal patients (85.3%, 1 236/1 449). Results (1)The proportion of cases pathologically upgraded to cervical cancer was significantly greater in post-menopausal patients (9.4%, 20/213) compared with pre-menopausal patients (3.8%, 47/1 236; P<0.05). (2) The proportion of ≥HSIL diagnosed by colposcopy showed no significant difference between post-menopausal patients (76.1%, 162/213) and pre-menopausal patients (78.2%, 967/1 236; P=0.479). The proportion of typeⅢtransformation zone (TZ) was significantly greater in post-menopausal patients (91.1%, 194/213) compared with pre-menopausal patients (59.1%, 731/1 236; P<0.05). The rate of missed diagnosis of cervical cancer was significantly higher in typeⅢTZ (6.4%, 59/925) compared with typeⅠand(or)ⅡTZ (1.5%, 8/524; P<0.05). The proportion of HSIL detected by endocervical curettage alone was greater in post-menopausal patients (9.9%, 21/213) compared with pre-menopausal patients (2.6%, 32/1 236; P<0.05). (3)Initial treatment with LEEP: the positive rate of endocervical margin was significantly greater in post-menopausal patients (20.5%, 36/176) compared with pre-menopausal patients (10.5%, 130/1 236;P<0.05); in patients who were diagnosed as HSIL after LEEP, the positive rate of endocervical margin and the residual rate were both greater in post-menopausal patients compared with pre-menopausal patients [15.4% (25/162) versus 8.8% (105/1 189), P=0.008; 52.0% (13/25) versus 26.7% (28/105), P=0.014]. (4)Thirty-seven post-menopausal patients were treated by extrafascial hysterectomy as the primary therapy, 5 cases (13.5%, 5/37) were diagnosed as cervical cancer (stage Ⅰa1) after the surgery. Conclusions (1) The lesions of HSIL in post-menopausal patients still have definite features under colposcopy as same as pre-menopausal patients. Endocervical curettage could help detect more HSIL in post-menopausal patients. Compared with pre-menopausal patients, post-menopausal HSIL patients have an increased risk of cervical cancer and are more likely missed by cervical tissue sampling. (2) LEEP has the dual effects of diagnosis and treatment, and is still the recommended treatment for post-menopausal HSIL patients. However, the increase in positive rate of endocervical margin and residual rate requires further active intervention. (3) Considering those post-menopausal HSIL patients who cannot accept conization as the initial treatment, the selection of hysterectomy type requires more thorough study.

Fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento de alterações cervicouterinas em mulheres que realizam exame citopatológico / Risk factors associated to the development of changes in the cervix of uterus in women undergoing a cytopathological examination

Introdução: O câncer de colo do útero ainda é um sério problema de saúde pública em nosso país. Aparece em terceiro lugar entre os tipos de câncer mais comum entre as mulheres. Vários são os fatores envolvidos na etiologia desse câncer e suas lesões precursoras. Objetivo: Verificar os principais cofatores associados às alterações cervicouterinas. Casuística e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo analítico e documental, realizado em um laboratório do município de Surubim-PE, incluindo resultados de exames citopatológicos do período de janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2015. Os dados foram avaliados pelo programa PRISM versão 7.0, por meio do teste Qui-quadrado, com intervalo de confiança 95% e razão de prevalência (RP). Resultados: Foram incluídos 1.200 resultados de exames de mulheres na faixa etária entre 14 e 78 anos. Quarenta e três por cento das mulheres pertenciam à faixa etária entre 31 e 47 anos e 86,6% haviam realizado seu último exame citopatológico a menos de três anos. A faixa etária entre 14 e 30 anos esteve associada a um maior risco para o desenvolvimento das anormalidades cervicais (p< 0,001 e OR 2,9). Mulheres que realizaram o exame citopatológico a menos de três anos apresentaram uma maior associação com a presença de lesões intraepiteliais escamosas de baixo grau (LSIL) e atipias escamosas (p < 0,0001 e OR 11,3). A lesão intraepitelial escamosa de baixo grau foi a anormalidade cervical de maior frequência, correspondendo a 46,3%. Mulheres com presença de Gardnerella vaginalis e/ou Mobiluncus spp. apresentaram associação com a presença de anormalidades cervicais (p< 0,0001). Conclusão: Mulheres abaixo de 30 anos, que realizaram exame citopatológico a menos de três anos ou apresentam Gardnerella vaginalis e/ou Mobiluncus spp.devem ser acompanhadas quanto aos possíveis riscos associados ao desenvolvimentode alterações cervicouterinas.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is still a serious public health problem in our country. It appears third among the most common types of cancer among women. Several are the factors involved in the etiology of this cancer and its precursor lesions. Objective: Verify the main cofactors associated with the changes in the cervix of the uterus. Patients and Methods:This is an analytical and documentary study, carried out in a laboratory in the municipality of Surubim-PE, including results of cytopathological exams from January 2014 to December 2015. Data were evaluated using the software PRISM version 7.0, by the Chi-square test, with 95% confidence interval and prevalence ratio (PR). Results: We included 1,200 tests results of women in the age between 14 and 78 years. Forty-three percent of the women were in the age group from 31 to 47 years and 86.6% had performed their last cytopathological examination less than three years. The age group ranging from 14 to 30 years was associated with a higher risk for the development of cervical abnormalities (p< 0.001 and OR 2.9). Women who underwent cytopathological examination less than three years presented a greater association with the presence of low squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) and squamous atypia (p< 0.0001 and OR 11.3). The low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion was the most frequent cervical abnormality, corresponding to 46.3%. Conclusion: Women under 30 years, who performed cytopathological examination at less than three years or present Gardnerella vaginalis and / or Mobiluncus spp. should be accompanied for the possible risks associated with the development of the changes in the cervix of uterus.

Performance of conventional cytology and colposcopy for the diagnosis of cervical squamous and glandular neoplasias / Desempenho da citologia convencional e da colposcopia para o diagnóstico de neoplasias cervicais escamosas e glandulares

Abstract Objective To estimate the cytological and colposcopic performances for the diagnosis of cervical neoplasias. Methods Cross-sectional retrospective study with data from patients' charts. The participants underwent colposcopy, guided biopsies, and excision when needed. The cytological and colposcopic categorization followed the Bethesda System and the international colposcopic terminologies. The cytology and colposcopy performances were evaluated by sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) analyses with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results From 1,571 participants, a total of 1,154 (73.4%) were diagnosed with cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN 2+), 114 (7.2%) with adenocarcinoma in situ or worse (AIS+), 615 (39.2%) presented atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or worse (ASC-H+) cytology, and 934 (59.4%) presented major or suspicious for invasion colposcopic abnormalities. The SE, SP, PPV, and NPV of ASC-H+ for diagnoses of CIN 2+ and AIS+ were, respectively: 44% (95% CI: 41-47) and 72% (95% CI: 67-76), 79% (95% CI: 77-81) and 79% (95% CI: 75-83), 88% (95% CI: 87-90) and 55% (95% CI: 50-60), and 28% (95% CI: 26-31) and 88% (95% CI: 85-91). The SE, SP, PPV, and NPV of major or suspicious for invasion colposcopic abnormalities for diagnoses of CIN 2+ and AIS+were, respectively: 62% (95% CI: 60-65) and 86% (95% CI: 83-89), 59% (95% CI: 57-62) and 59% (95% CI: 55-64), 85% (95% CI: 83-87) and 44% (95% CI: 40-49), and 29% (95% CI: 27-32) and 92% (95% CI: 89-94). Conclusion The SE analyses results of ASC-H+ and major or suspicious for invasion colposcopic abnormalities were higher for diagnoses of glandular neoplasias. These results confirm the role of cytology in identifying women at risk who will have their final diagnoses settled by colposcopy and histology.

Resumo Objetivo Estimar o desempenho da citologia e colposcopia no diagnóstico das neoplasias cervicais. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo de corte transversal com dados coletados em prontuários. Foram incluídas participantes que foram submetidas a colposcopia, biópsia e excisão quando necessário. A categorização da citologia e da colposcopia seguiram a terminologia de Bethesda e a classificação colposcópica internacional. Os desempenhos da citologia e colposcopia foram avaliados por análises de sensibilidade (S), especificidade (E), valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e valor preditivo negativo (VPN), com intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95%). Resultados Das 1.571 participantes, um total de 1.154 (73,4%) foram diagnosticadas com neoplasia intraepitelial escamosa cervical de grau 2 ou mais grave (NIC 2+), 114 (7,2%) com adenocarcinoma in situ ou mais grave (AIS+), 615 (39,2%) apresentaram células escamosas atípicas de significado indeterminado, quando não se pode excluir lesão intraepitelial de alto grau ou mais grave (ASC-H+) e 934 (59,4%) tiveram achados colposcópicos maiores ou suspeitos de invasão. Os valores de S, E, VPP e VPN das ASCH + para o diagnóstico de NIC 2+ e AIS+ foram, respectivamente: 44% (IC 95%: 41-47) e 72% (IC 95%: 67-76), 79% (IC 95%: 77-81) e 79% (IC 95%: 75-83), 88% (IC 95%: 87-90) e 55% (IC 95%: 50-60) e 28% (IC 95%: 26-31) e 88% (IC 95%: 85-91). Os valores de S, E, VPP e VPN dos achados colposcópicos maiores ou suspeitos de invasão para o diagnóstico de NIC 2+ e AIS+ foram, respectivamente: 62% (IC 95%: 60-65) e 86% (IC 95%: 83-89), 59% (IC 95%: 57-62) e 59% (IC 95%: 55-64), 85% (IC 95%: 83-87) e 44% (IC 95%: 40-49) e 29% (IC 95%: 27-32) e 92% (IC 95%: 89-94). Conclusão Os resultados das análises de S de ASC-H+ e achados colposcópicos maiores ou suspeitos de invasão foram mais elevados para o diagnóstico das neoplasias glandulares. Esses resultados confirmam o papel da citologia na identificação de mulheres em risco que terão seus diagnósticos definidos por colposcopia e histologia.

Clinical analysis of cervical intraepithelial lesion in postmenopausal women / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To investigate the pathological escalation after cervical cone resection in postmenopausal women, and analyze the related influencing factors. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted at the Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University between July 2013 and January 2015. Seven hundred and fifty cases of cervical cone-cut were enrolled in this study, 129 cases of them were postmenopausal women, and 621 were premenopausal women. All results of patients'liquid-based thin-layer cytology(TCT), HPV test, colposcopy and biopsy pathology, cervical cone resection and postoperative pathological examination were collected. Then the compliance with the pathological examination results after colposcopic cervical biopsy and cervical cone resection, and the related factors affecting the pathological escalation after cervical cone resection were analyzed. The pathological escalation of patients with different menopausal conditions after cervical cone resection was also analyzed. Results (1)Of the 750 patients, there were 329 patients had the same pathological examination results after colposcopic cervical biopsy and cervical cone resection, which accounted for 43.9％(329/750). And 216 cases demonstrated pathological escalation after cervical cone resection, which accounted for 28.8％(216 / 750). The results of TCT examination and menopause were significantly correlated with the pathological escalation after cervical cone resection(P<0.05). However, the condition of HPV infection was unrelated to pathological escalation after cervical cone resection(P>0.05).(2)Compared with the different results of TCT examination [including non-intrusive load monitoring(NILM), atypical squamous cell of undetermined signification (ASCUS), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion(HSIL)], the ratio of pathological escalation after cervical cone resection was not statistically significant difference between postmenopausal and non-menopausal patients(P>0.05). The proportion of pathological escalation of patients with >5 years of menopause was significantly higher than that of patients with menopause time ≤5 years(40.3％ vs 27.7％, OR=1.8, 95％CI: 1.1-2.8, P=0.029). Among them, when the result of TCT examination was LSIL, the rate of pathological escalation in patients >5 years of menopause was significantly higher than that in menopause time ≤5 years(6/10 vs 26.3％, OR=4.2, 95％CI: 1.1-15.8, P=0.033). While the results of TCT examination were NILM, ASCUS or HSIL showed there was no statistically significant difference between two groups(P>0.05).(3)Among the 143 cases, of which the result of TCT examination was LSIL, 9 cases of the pathological examination results after cervical resection were escalated to cervical cancer, which accounted for 6.3％ (9 / 143). Among 10 cases of menopause time >5 years, 2 cases(2 / 10)of the pathological examination results after cervical cone resection were escalated to cervical cancer. Among 133 cases with menopause time ≤ 5 years, 7 cases (5.3％)were upgraded to cervical cancer after cervical cone resection. The ratio of pathological escalation to cancer in postmenopausal patients with >5 years was higher than that of menopause time ≤5 years. Due to the data volume limitation, the comparison was not statistically significant difference(χ2=0.460, P>0.05). Conclusions In postmenopausal women, especially when menopausal time is > 5 years, the proportion of pathological escalation after cervical cone resection following colposcopic cervical biopsy is increased. And the pathological escalation after cervical cone resection is significantly correlated with the results of TCT examination and menopausal status. Therefore, doctors should treat the colposcopic biopsy pathological results with caution during clinic. Depending on TCT results, loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) sampling could be administrated directly in case of avoid missing diagnosis.

Analysis of the missed diagnosis of invasive carcinoma under the microscope in HSIL diagnosed by colposcopy-guided biopsy and related influencing factors / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To observe the missed diagnosis of invasive carcinoma under the microscope (ICUM) in high grade squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (HSIL), and analyze associated factors influencing missed ICUM. Methods A retrospective study was performed on patients diagnosed with HSIL by colposcopy-guided biopsy and treated with loop electrosurgical excision procedure(LEEP)at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, from December 2014 to December 2016. They were non-pregnant, ≤50 years old and the cervical volume without obvious enlargement and exogenous surface without and ulcerative lesions. A total of 283 cases with early cervical cytology results, never received cervical traumatic treatment or cervical biopsy in another hospital before, and their colposcopic images were clear enough to reevaluate. The ultimate pathological diagnosis was based on the higher-level pathological diagnosis between the results of cervical biopsy and LEEP to evaluate ICUM missed in HSIL and the risk factors. Results (1) Among the 283 cases with HSIL diagnosed by colposcopy-directed biopsy,44 cases (15.5％,44/283) were missed diagnosis of ICUM, which consisted of 29 cases Ⅰa1, 4 cases Ⅰa2 and 11 cases Ⅰb1 in the ultimate pathology.(2)Analysis of associated factors for missed ICUM:univariate analysis showed that,as the age increased, the risk of missed ICUM also increased(the rates of missed diagnosis for<30, 30-39, 40-50 years were 7.7％, 11.5％, 22.0％, respectively;χ2=6.254, P=0.012 by trend test). The more the number of high-grade features, the higher risks(the rates of missed diagnosis for 1, 2, 3, 4 high-grade features were 10.2％, 17.6％, 23.8％, 30.8％, respectively;χ2=7.686,P=0.006 by trend test). The locations of HSIL were only endocervical, only ectocervical and mixed, the risk increased by this sequence(2.8％, 5.1％, 28.7％; χ2=26.193,P<0.01 by trend test). The rate of missed diagnosis for not completely visible squamocolumnar junction(SCJ)was higher than that of the completely visible one(22.3％ vs 2.1％;χ2=19.680, P<0.01). The rate of missed diagnosis was higher for existing atypical vessels than those without(60.7％ vs 10.6％;χ2=48.279, P<0.01). The rate of missed diagnosis for visible lesion size≥40 mm2 was higher than that of<40 mm2(27.3％vs 4.2％;χ2=28.921, P<0.01). The rate of missed diagnosis for the proportion of visible lesion size in ectocervical size ≥0.75 was higher than that of <0.75 (83.3％ vs 14.1％;P<0.01). The rate of missed diagnosis for the maximum linear length of visible lesion≥10 mm was higher than that of<10 mm(46.9％vs 9.0％;χ2=44.473, P<0.01). But the different severity of cervical cytology before colposcopy was not associated with missed ICUM(P>0.05). Multivariable analysis found that visibility of SCJ, atypical vessels, visible lesion size and maximum linear length of visible lesion were associated with missed diagnosis of ICUM(all P<0.05). Conclusions The diagnostic value of HSIL by colposcopy is limited. Meanwhile, for the patients who are ≤50 years old with HSIL diagnosed by cervical biopsy, invisibility of SCJ, atypical vessels, visible lesion size and maximum linear length of visible lesion evaluated by colposcopy are the independent risk factors of missed ICUM. Thereby, it is necessary to take active intervention for HSIL with these risk factors.